Lectionary Commentaries for June 7, 2020
The Holy Trinity (Year A)

Each of the Gospels ends in a distinctive way.¹

Mark focuses on the empty tomb and the fear of the first witnesses; Luke on the appearances of the risen Jesus to the disciples, his ascension, and their preparation as witnesses; and John on a series of appearances of the resurrected Christ, especially to Peter. Matthew depicts the resurrected Jesus’ commissioning the disciples for mission. In what ways is this a fitting end—not only the right stopping point, but the goal—of Matthew’s Gospel? What does this ending tell us about that mission?

This episode draws together many of the most important themes and motifs of the Gospel, thereby suggesting that this ending is designed for this very story. As so often before in Matthew, the setting is an unnamed mountain (28:16, cf. 4:8, 5:1, 14:23, 15:29, 17:1), which Matthew associates especially with the revelation of divine presence and authority. Matthew also refers prominently here to “heaven and earth” (28:18), terminology that recalls the story of creation in Genesis 1, thereby linking this episode to a long tradition of stories about the fracturing of earth from heaven and the hope of their repair.

Jesus also provides the warrant for the disciples’ commission by affirming that he has been given “all authority in heaven and on earth.” Authority—its nature, source, and effects—is yet another persistent Matthean interest (7:29; 8:9; 9:6, 8; 10:1; 21:23, 24, 27). Matthew also returns in this scene to the christological identification of Jesus as “God with us” (28:20, cf. 1:23), thereby framing the entire Gospel with this claim.

Even as this ending emphasizes key themes and claims of the whole Gospel, it also marks a fresh beginning point, signaled in part by the return to Galilee (28:16), where Jesus’ own ministry began. While they are called to be people on the move in mission, the disciples must also be rooted in the story and the land where their own journeys began. They will conduct their mission between two worlds: with Jesus on the mountain—itself apparently a thin place between the human and divine realms—they stand at the edge of a new world and a new time.

The time of empire, of debt and slavery, of the reign of death, is passing away. It will continue to exercise sway only where the death and resurrection of God’s son is not proclaimed. But the truth about Rome’s empire has been unveiled for all the world to see. It has wielded its most powerful tool—death on a cross—against God’s son as he proclaimed and inaugurated God’s empire, but now even Rome’s control of the apparatus of death has been shown to be hollow. The empire of the heavens has not just begun, it has already won the crucial victory.

Living between two worlds is not easy, however, even for those closest to Jesus. Matthew introduces elements into the story that challenge the apparently triumphal character of this scene. There are not twelve disciples with Jesus, but eleven, a reminder not only of the absence of Judas but, implicitly, of the betrayals in which the eleven also participated. Matthew also notes that their initial response to the presence of the risen Jesus is a mixture of worship and doubt. Most English translations of 28:17 leave the impression that the disciples included some worshipers and some doubters (e.g., “doubting Thomas” in John 20:24-29), but the Greek may also be translated, perhaps more naturally, to suggest that the whole group of disciples both worship and doubt.

In either case, Matthew acknowledges that both responses are to be found in the community of disciples. The word translated “doubt” is found in the New Testament only here and in the account of Peter joining Jesus in his walk on the sea in 14:31, yet another story of divine presence and power, marked by both doubt and worship (13:31, 33). The Greek word distazo carries a sense of standing in two places at the same time or being of two minds. Jesus commissions not perfect disciples, but people who both worship and doubt as they stand at the edge of the world that is passing away and the one that is coming to them.

What does this new world look like? Apparently, the key differences include both the presence of the resurrected Jesus, promising to remain with the disciples to the end of the age, and a reconciled earth and heaven. Jesus’ claim to have been given “all authority” in both realms signals the culmination of a biblical drama first announced in the earliest chapters of Genesis, where we find accounts both of the creation of “heaven and earth” and the disruption of the unity of that creation through the story of the fall and subsequent human rebellion and violence.

Matthew takes very seriously this story of the ruin of the relationship between earth and heaven. The terms “heaven and earth” constitute a “merism,” a figure of speech in which an entity is identified by means of its constituent or defining parts. In Genesis 1, heaven and earth comprise a single entity—God’s whole creation. By Genesis 4, their unity has been fractured. The prayer we pray nearly every Sunday in most churches, which is largely based on Matthew 6:9-13, recognizes this divide and asks for its resolution (“thy kingdom come, thy will be done, on earth as it is in heaven”).

Matthew repeatedly tells stories that recount the ways Jesus, and sometimes his disciples, cross and blur the boundaries between heaven and earth. But it is only with Jesus’ defeat of death that the breach between heaven and earth is mended. Jesus sends the disciples into the world not only to announce the salvation of humans, but to bear witness to the end of a broken creation. Jesus’ words at the Great Commission are thus not merely the fitting end of Matthew’s story of Jesus, but a vision of the end of a broken world and the beginning of new creation.

Notes

1. Commentary first published on this site on June 15, 2014.

“In the beginning, when God created the heavens and the earth … ”¹

The opening words of the creation account in Genesis are a familiar story to many of us. In our valiant attempts to read the entire Bible in a specified period of time, we confidently zip through this passage.

For some of us, the creation account recalls the overly-interpretive illustrations from children’s Bibles, or felt-board Sunday School materials with the modest Adam and Eve and uncharacteristically happy animals. Others recall the glorious image of the creation of Adam that covers the Sistine Chapel. Still others might recall a crisis of faith when juxtaposing the creation account with the content of high school biology.

For this week’s reading, I ask you, Working Preacher, to set those images aside as you begin to look at the text. The ancient Israelites had never heard of felt-board, nor the concept of evolution. Rather, in ancient Israel, Genesis 1-2:4a likely triggered other accounts of the origins of the world. These ancient Near Eastern creation narratives were unapologetically polytheistic.

There were many deities, and they each had changing roles and forms. Marduk was associated with water, vegetation, and eventually magic and the head of the pantheon. Assur was leader of a rival pantheon in northern Mesopotamia. Back of Egypt, a different set of gods quarreled over legitimacy beginning with Osiris and Seth and then Seth and Horus. Each of these major pantheons had hundreds of lesser deities, contending for prominence or even survival.

And these deities were fickle. According to the Babylonian myth, Enuma Elish, they created humans, or at least some of them did. But at the same time, they latter regretted the decisions and schemed to destroy the human race because we were too “noisy.” These deities would battle, kill, enslave and retaliate against each other, and humans were often caught in the midst of these disputes.

Within this cultural narrative, the creation account of Genesis 1:1-2:4a presents a completely different account of the world’s origins. First of all, the creation in Genesis 1-2:4 is fiercely monotheistic. Not only is there one God, but this God is sovereign and powerful. God says, and it happens. God does not have a singular specified area of competence, but rather he is the creator God of all things. In this power, God has no spatial limitations:

• “God created the heavens and the earth” (1).
• “Let there be a dome in the midst of the waters” (6).
• “Let the waters under the sky be gathered together into one place, and let the dry land appear” (9).

Similarly, God has no temporal limitations:

• “In the beginning” (1).
• “Let there be lights in the dome of the sky to separate the day from the night; and let them be for signs and for seasons and for days and years” (14).

As well as creating the vast cosmos, God also created the animal and vegetable life, a meaningful feat for an agrarian society like ancient Israel. In particular, the creation of “the great sea monsters”(21) represents a veiled polemic, championing the power of God. In Enuma Elish, the sea monster Tiamat gave birth to the first generation of deities, and was later defeated by Marduk. But in Genesis 1, God has no such struggle with even the sea monsters.

Most significantly, Genesis 1-2:4a provides a unique account of the relationship between humans and divine. Somehow, God decides to makes humans “in our image, according to our likeness.” Of course, understanding the precise theological nature of “image/likeness” in Genesis 1:26-28 is elusive, and probably deliberately so.

But minimally, we can infer that humans are not created out of the capricious whim of certain deities, but rather, we stand as the pinnacle of the creation event. After the creation on humans, God, in his powerful word, blesses them and declares them as good.

As you consider the wondrous nature of creation, it is important to recognize the radical, remarkable, and revolutionary nature of the Genesis creation in its original context. This presentation of God comes as a wonderful relief and assurance to the family on ancient Israel.

The God of Genesis 1-2:4a provides assurance to those, who work to raise crops against the numerous natural challenges. The God of Genesis 1-2:4a brings peace to the nation struggling for survival against the numerous encroaching enemies from all sides. God is one. God is powerful. And God created us in his image. This opening passage of our Bible constitutes the essence of good news.

Of course, this is not the only good news of the Bible. In addition to giving a refreshing account of creation, canonically, Genesis 1-2:4a parallels the start of another biblical narrative of that reads, “In the beginning was the Word,” and the ensuing narrative assures, comforts, and challenges all who hear.

Notes

1. Commentary first published on this site on June 15, 2014.

Psalm 8 is arguably one of the best known and best loved psalms in the Psalter. 

It masterfully weaves together words of wonder at the creator God and awe at God’s mindfulness (NRSV) of humanity. God, in fact, entrusted the care of the creation, the work of God’s fingers, to mere humans.

The words, “O LORD, our Sovereign, how majestic is your name in all the earth” (NRSV) begin and end the psalm, forming a frame of praise around the poem. The psalmist addresses God as “LORD” and “Sovereign.” The word “LORD” is the translation of the personal name of Israel’s God, Yahweh, the name that God revealed to Moses at the burning bush. The word translated “Sovereign” is ’adon, a word used by someone of a lower position to address someone in a higher position. So the psalm singer addresses God by God’s personal name, Yahweh, and acknowledges Yahweh as “our overlord, one greater than us.”

Verse 2 of the psalm can be puzzling: “Out of the mouths of babes and infants you have founded a bulwark because of your foes, to silence the enemy and the avenger.” Out of the mouths of the most vulnerable in society—the very young among us—those who do not yet even have full capacity for speech and communication—even out of their mouths—perhaps their cries for reassurance and sustenance—out of such, God will form a bulwark. The word “bulwark” means “protection, refuge, strength.” Protection from those who oppress comes from God, not from our own strength. God can use even the babbling of babes and infants to turn back oppression and silence the enemy and avenger.

The singer thus begins Psalm 8 with words of wonder at God’s majesty and at God’s sovereignty over life’s situations of oppression. The psalmist continues in verse 3 with words of awe-struck wonder: “When I look at your heavens, the work of your fingers, the moon and the stars that you have established.” Ancient peoples worshiped the moon and stars as gods in their own right. Our ancestors in the faith recognized that Yahweh was the only God and that Yahweh God was not one of the moon and stars, but rather, Yahweh God created the moon and the stars.

And then—God created humanity. And the psalm singer ponders in verse 4: “What are human beings that you are mindful of them, mortals that you care for them?” The word translated “human being” is the Hebrew word ’enosh, a word used in the Old Testament to convey the idea of the frail character of human life. The word “mortal” is the Hebrew ben-’adam. Ben-’adam is used in the Old Testament in reference to humanity as the offspring of that first human whom God formed from the ground in Genesis 2. Literally, verse 4 of Psalm 8 says,  

Verse 5 says that God made us frail humans “a little lower than God and crowned us with glory and honor” (again, the NRSV). You will find a number of renderings of the phrase “a little lower than God,” in various translations: “a little lower than the heavenly beings” (ESV); “a little lower than the angels” (NIV, KJV); and “slightly less than divine” (CEB). Regardless of the way we choose to translate the words, they are a powerful statement about humanity’s unique relationship with God.

Verses 6 and 7 continue the musing, stating that God has given humanity “dominion” over the works of God’s hands. God has put all things “under the feet” of humanity. All sheep and oxen and the beasts of the field, the birds of the air, the fish of the sea, and whatever passes along the paths of the sea.

“Dominion” is the Hebrew word mashal. It is used most often in the Hebrew Bible to describe the rule of a king over the people. But, God’s ideal for a monarch’s rule was not that of absolute and arbitrary dictatorial power. The role of the king in ancient Israel was to provide a place where people could live in peace and safety, raise their animals and their crops, be treated with justice and equity, and be cared for if they were unable to care for themselves. The role of one having dominion? Kindness, provision for good, peace and well-being, plenty for all.

Interestingly, the word “mashal” has another meaning. It also means “proverb” or “wise saying.” And thus, we might translate verse 6 of Psalm 8, as “you have made us wise over the works of your hands.” Wisdom IS power; but wise power does not exploit, does not “use up and throw away.” Rather, wise power is mindful of and cares for, just as Psalm 8:4 describes God as being mindful of and caring for human beings.

What a powerful statement about the relationship between God and humanity in the nine short verses of Psalm 8. Yahweh God is our sovereign who provides protection from oppressors and enemies—even out of the mouths of babes and infants. God is mindful of and cares for humanity, and God crowns humanity with glory and honor. In response, humanity is to rule wisely over the good created order—over the sheep and the oxen, the beasts of the field, the birds of the air, and the fish of the sea. God calls us to be co-creators in the endeavor called life on earth. Richard Bauckham, in the book Creation and Ecology, states these apt concluding words to this brief look at Psalm 8:

All God’s creatures are first and foremost creatures, ourselves included. All earthly creatures share the same Earth; and all participate in an interrelated and interdependent community … Cosmic humility is a much needed ecological virtue … We need the humility “to walk more lightly upon the Earth, with more regard for the life around us.” … We need the humility to know ourselves as creatures within creation, not gods over creation, the humility of knowing that only God is God.¹

Notes

1. Richard Bauckham, The Bible and Ecology (Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2010), 64, 46.

The final remarks in 2 Corinthians encapsulate Paul’s advice in this letter and highlight the grace of the Lord Jesus Christ, the love of God, and the fellowship of the Holy Spirit that make “new creation” possible (2 Corinthians 5:17).¹

On this Sunday that celebrates the mystery of the Holy Trinity, Paul’s final words to the Corinthians underscore the church’s reliance on the power of the divine for hope of its transformation.

Paul’s closing remarks in 2 Corinthians include stern admonition and loving exhortation. It is, perhaps, fitting that 2 Corinthians should close with both warning and with love. Paul’s emotions have been bubbling close to the surface throughout this text. In the beginning of 2 Corinthians, he recalls both a painful visit and a tearful letter (1:15-2:4). In 2 Corinthians 7, he has learned good news from Titus, and his joy for the church is not concealed (7:5-16).

In chapter 10, however, the tone of the letter changes to a defense against the teachings of the so-called “super apostles” (11:5, 11). As the letter draws to a close, Paul is still stung by the charges of his opponents and the Corinthians’ failure to commend him (12:11). He warns that a third visit will be a painful time of mourning over those who continue to harm the community. By now the vices that he lists are no surprise—“quarreling, jealously, anger, selfishness, slander, gossip, conceit, and disorder” (12:20).

First Church Corinth is a community torn by factions. In fact, the Corinthians’ divisiveness has taken center stage since the first canonical letter. In 1 Corinthians 1:10, the apostle writes, “Now I appeal to you, brothers and sisters, by the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, that all of you be in agreement and that there be no divisions among you, but that you be united (katertismenoi) in the same mind and the same purpose.” In the closing of 2 Corinthians, the apostle expresses the same wish: “mend (katartizesthe) your ways,” “agree with one another,” and “live in peace” (13:11).

For Paul, agreeing with one another or, more literally, thinking the same way should not be read as an appeal to uniformity. The apostle has recognized and has applauded the diversity of this congregation (1 Corinthians 12:12-27). Rather, this appeal to think the same way is an appeal to think “according to Christ Jesus” (Romans 15:5) or to have the same mind as Christ when he voluntarily humbled himself and died for the sake of the world (Philippians 2:5-11). Having that kind of love for another will facilitate living at peace and mending the factions that have torn this congregation.

That kind of love, however, is not possible without the power of God’s Holy Spirit at work in the congregation. Paul’s exhortations urge the Corinthians to demonstrate fruit of the Spirit—particularly joy and peace. In verse 11, what the NSRV translates as “farewell” is more literally “rejoice.” Paul uses the verb in a similar way in Philippians 4:4 where he calls the Philippians to rejoice always. This rejoicing is modeled for the church by Paul’s own rejoicing throughout Philippians as he recounts his joy even in the midst of his present distress (Philippians 4:10-13). Joy is only possible because of the believers’ citizenship in heaven (Philippians 3:20). Joy is a marker of God’s kingdom.

Likewise, the appeal to peace is also a marker of the Spirit’s work (5:22). The mind that is set on the Spirit is a mind that knows peace (Romans 8:6). Those who are justified have peace with God (Romans 5:1). Living peaceably should be a marker of the church (Romans 12:18; 14:19; 1 Thessalonians 5:13), since God calls the saints to peace (1 Corinthians 7:15) and God is a God of peace (1 Corinthians 14:33; Phil 4:7, 9; 1 Thessalonians 5:23).

In short, the presence of joy and peace are the indicators of the Spirit’s transformative work to reveal God’s kingdom: “For the kingdom of God is not food and drink but righteousness and peace and joy in the Holy Spirit” (Romans 14:17). Paul’s closing in 2 Corinthians is not simply an appeal for the church to get along, it is an exhortation for the Corinthians to be the new creation that the Spirit is equipping them to be.

Greeting one another with a holy kiss is a tangible way to show love and fellowship in this community of folks who are still struggling to love one another and who are still learning how to be Christ’s body in their world. This exhortation is common in Paul’s letters, as is the reminder that there are other saints elsewhere who send their love.

The final remarks include one last reminder of the theological bedrock that makes the church’s existence possible. The trinitarian framework of 2 Corinthians 13:14 is striking: “The grace of the Lord Jesus Christ, the love of God, and the fellowship of the Holy Spirit be with you all.” At the time of this letter, the doctrine of the trinity had not yet been fully articulated, yet here we find a reference to all three persons.

The mention of God, the Lord Jesus Christ, and the Holy Spirit in one breath, however, should not be surprising to any reader of Paul’s letters. Paul has already claimed that the Corinthians have but “one Lord and one God” (1 Corinthians 8:6). Furthermore, it is the Spirit who has come from God (1 Corinthians 2:12) who enables the church to have the “mind of Christ” (1 Corinthians 2:16). Of course, it is only through the grace of Christ that the church enjoys fellowship with the Spirit.

This final appeal for the presence of Christ’s grace, God’s love, and the Spirit’s fellowship bears witness to the divine power that has created and sustained both the Corinthian church and the church today. God is the very source of our life in Christ Jesus, and in Christ we are a new creation.

Notes

1. Commentary first published on this site on June 15, 2014.